Modal verbs

Scandinavian sailor.

If I may say so … has become a stereotyped phrase in which the meaning of permission is considerably weakened.

E.g. If I may say so, I think you have treated him very badly.


In addition to the above cases illustrating the independent use of may, this modal verb occurs in subordinate object clauses after expressions of fear as well as in adverbial clauses of purpose and concession.

Here are some more examples from the works of the English and American literature:

E.g. Try as she might, her poor head just wouldn’t let her think what it was she should rightly remember.(O. Wilde)

You certainly won’t. You may freeze your nose, but you won’t be shivery cold. It’s hard and dry, you know. (F. Scott Fitzgerald)


We can compare May and Can


The use of can and may is parallel only in two meanings: possibility due to circumstances and permission. In these meanings, however, they are not always interchangeable for a number of various reasons.

Thus in the meaning of possibility due to circumstances the use of may is restricted only to affirmative sentences, whereas can is found in all kinds of sentences.

Can – He can find this book at the library. Can he find this book at the library? He cannot find this book at the library.

May – He may find this book at the library.

Their time reference is also different. May refers only to the present or future: the form might is used in past-time contexts only in reported speech. Can (could) may refer to the present, pastor future.

May – He may find the book at the library. I said that he might find the book at the library.

Can – He can find the book at the library. He could find the book at the library yesterday. He can find the book at the library tomorrow.

Both could and might combined with the Perfect infinitive indicate that the action was not carried out in the past.

E.g. He might have found the book at the library.

He could have found the book at the library.

It follows from the above that the sphere of application of can in this meaning is wider than that of may.

When may and can express permission the difference between them is rather that of style than of meaning – may is more formal than can which is characteristic of colloquial English.

E.g. May (might) I speak to you for a moment, professor?

Can (could) I have a cup of tea, mother?

May in negative sentences expressing prohibition is uncommon.


Must


The modal verb must has only one form it is used in present-time contexts with reference to the present of future and in combination with the Perfect infinitive it refers to the past. In past-time contexts this form is used only in reported speech, i.g. the rules of the sequence of tenses are not observed with must.

Must has the following meanings:


obligation (from the speaker’s point of view)


E.g. Any real body must have extension in four directions: it must have Length, Breadth, Thickness, and – Duration.


In different contexts must may acquire additional shades of meaning, such as duty or necessity.

In this meaning must is found in affirmative and interrogative sentences and followed only by the simple infinitive.


Prohibition

E.g. He must not leave his room for a while. (Он не должен (ему нельзя) выходить из комнаты некоторое время).

This meaning is expressed in negative sentences and must is also followed by the simple infinitive.


emphatic advice

E.g. You must come and see us when you’re in London.

You must stop worrying about your son.

You mustn’t give another thought to what he said.

You mustn’t miss the film. It is very interesting.

You must have your hair cut.

It is much too long. You mustn’t cry.

“Andy” – she spoke in a quick, low voice – “of course you must never tell anybody what I told you about Canby yesterday.” (F. Scott Fitzgerald)

This meaning is found in affirmative and negative sentences and is closely connected with the two above mentioned meanings.


supposition implying strong probability

E.g. Watson, we must look upon you as a man of letters.

It must be late as the streets are deserted.

Must in this meaning is found only in affirmative sentences. In Russian this meaning is generally rendered by means of the attitudinal adverbs вероятно, должно быть.

In English this meaning may also be expressed by means of the attitudinal adverb probably.

In this meaning must may be followed by different forms of the infinitive. If reference is made to the present, the Continuous infinitive is used with dynamic verbs.

E.g. The book is not on the shelf. Jane must be reading it. Let’s have something to eat. You must be starving.

If must is followed by the simple infinitive of dynamic verbs, it expresses obligation.

E.g. Jane must read the book. You must stay here.

However, with stative verbs the simple infinitive is used to express supposition.

E.g. He must be over fifty.

He must know all about it as he has read a lot on the subject.

“He must be a Southerner, judging by those trousers,” suggested Harry mischievously. (F. Scott Fitzgerald)


Must in combination with the Perfect Infinitive refers the action to the past.

E.g. You must have examined the house very carefully, to find a single pellet of paper.

It must have been his first taste of peace for years.(A. Marshall)


The combination of must with the Perfect Continuous infinitive indicates an action begun in the past and continued into the moment of speaking.

E.g. It must have been raining all the night. There are big puddles in the garden.

However, if must is followed by a stative verb, the Perfect infinitive is used.

E.g. He must have been here since breakfast. He must have known it all along.

When must expresses supposition implying strong probability, its use is restricted in two ways:

It is not used with reference to the future. In this case we find attitudinal adverbs in the sentence.

E.g. She must really love you to distraction. He must evidently know all about it

It is not used in the interrogative or negative forms. It is found only in the affirmative form.

Must needs denotes obligation.

E.g. He must needs go there. (Он непременно должен пойти туда.)

“I think you must ask somebody else to your party instead of Henry, Jim” (B. J. Chute)

“Yes, but I must wash before dinner,” Jimmy said and added, “You’re lucky. Dirt doesn’t show on you.” (B.J. Chute)


I must be going and I must be off both mean – it is time for me to go (in Russian – мне пора уходить).

I must tell you that … and I must say … are stereotyped phrases in which the meaning of obligation is considerably weakened in must.

In the sentences: You must come and see me some time You must come and have a dinner with me. You must come to our party. You must come and stay with us for the weekend and the like, the meaning of obligation in must is also weakened. Must has become part of such sentences which are a common way of expressing invitations.


Must and May compared


Must and may can be compared in two meanings:

Both may and must serve to express supposition but their use is not parallel. May denotes supposition implying uncertainty whereas the supposition expressed by must implies strong probability

E.g. For all I know, he may be an actor. His face seems so familiar. He must be an actor. His voice carries so well. I saw him an hour ago. He may still be in his office now. He always comes at 10 sharp. So he must be in his office now.

They must be satisfied with going to the piers… (M. Spark)

May and must are used to express prohibition in negative sentences. But may is seldom found in this meaning. In negative answers to questions with may asking for permission we generally find must not or cannot.

E.g. ‘May I smoke here?” “No, you mustn’t (you can’t).


To have to


To have to as a modal verb is not a defective verb and can have all the necessary finite forms as well as the verbal.

E.g. He is an invalid and has to have a nurse.

She knew what she had to do.

He frightened her – I had to yield him my last date before Bill came. (F. Scott Fitzgerald0

I shall have to reconsider my position.

He is always having to exercise judgment.

My impression was that he was having to force himself to talk.

I have had to remind you of writing to her all this time.

The women at barfed had had to be told that an experiment was taking place that day. “As a matter of fact,” he said, “I’ve been having to spend some time with the research people.”

It wouldn’t have been very nice for the David’s sons to have to mix with all those people in the smoking-room.

Having to work alone, he wanted all his time for his research.


The interrogative and negative forms of the modal verb to have to are built up by means of the auxiliary verb to do.

E.g. Why do I have to do everything?

Did he have to tell them about it?

“That is all right,” she said. “I just thought I’d ask. You don’t have to explain.”

There was a grim on his face. He did not have to tell me that he already knew.


The verb to have to serves to express obligation or necessity imposed by circumstances.

It is rendered is Russian as приходится, вынужден.

In this meaning it is found in all kinds of sentences – affirmative, interrogative and negative – and is combined only with the simple infinitive.

E.g. I am afraid you will have to go to the court.

They will have him back. (Они заставят его вернуться)

Did he have to do it? He did not have to do it.

If you go abroad, no matter how you are traveling, you have to go through the customs. (M. Spark)

The negotiations might fail. In that event the Government would have to decide what to do. (Morning star)

I have to revise other ideas about her. (F. Scott Fitzgerald0


In negative sentences to have to denotes absence of necessity.

E.g. You don’t have to go there. (Вам нет необходимости идти туда).

You mustn’t go there. (Вам нельзя идти туда).


In spoken English

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