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Билеты и ответы на них по Английскому языку на 2002 год

invention led inevitably to another step in the West's commercial and political hegemony over the world: the Industrial Revolution.

Vocabulary

science - наука branches of science - области науки

establish – создать define - давать (точное) определение

make a contribution to - внести вклад в contemporary - современник

freight - грузить, фрахтовать Academy of Sciences - Академия Наук

«New Atlantis» - Новая Атлантида accessible - доступная

exciting – увлекательный confirm - подтверждать

demystify – раскрывать heretical - еретический

speculation - размышление microscope - микроскоп

obscure – неясный henceforth - с этого времени, впредь

technological supremacy - техническое превосходство calculus - исчисление


Problems of the youth (friendship, love, conflicts)


In 1605 the first Europeans came to Manhattan island from Holland. In 1626, Peter Minuit, governor of the Dutch settlements in North America known as New Amsterdam bought the island from the Native Americans for a few glass necklaces, valued about twenty-four dollars today. In 1609 Henry Hudson entered the River of the Mountains. In 1613 the Dutch-built: only four small houses on Manhattan’s a fur trading station. It was not until 1623, ten years more, that they started a real settlement, town of New Amsterdam in honour of the capital of their country in Europe. In 1644 when the English acquired the island, the village New Amsterdam was renamed New York. Today Manhattan is the heart of America's business and culture. It is the most important banking re in the world. Fewer than two million of the city's eight million people live on the island.

In 1789 on the steps of Federal Hall George Washington took the oath of office when he became the first president of the United States of America. During the years 1785 to 1790 New York was the capital of the United States. Due to its natural advantages as a our, and the rising tide of immigration from all parts of the world the role of New York as the leading city accelerated. Villages grew throughout the entire area.

For the visitor New York means skyscrapers, tremendous traffic, dazzling neon advertisements. Manhattan is full of parallel rows of buildings, those running from north to south are called avenues while those running from east to west are called streets. avenues and streets have only numbers instead of names. Wall Street from its very beginning became the market place of money. It was here that a walled stockade was erected to repulse the Indians its name. As the city expanded the stockade was dismantled as of no further use, but the market place for the purchase of bonds and securities remained.

Like every big city, New York has its own traffic system. Traffic can be terrible, and it is usually quicker to go by subway. It goes to almost every comer of Manhattan. New York is an inter­national city, the place to try something new. It may be an experience you will never forget.

Vocabulary

settlement – колония necklace - ожерелье value - стоимость governor -губернатор skyscrapers - небоскребы market place – рынок stockade - укрепление, форт dismantl - разобрать

purchase - покупка bonds - облигации

securities - ценные бумаги subway - метро

traffic jams - дорожные пробки

dazzling neon advertisements - сверкающие неоновые рекламы


Sport and healthy life style


Аs Revolutionary America had produced two commanding figures who became world-wide known, Washington and Franklin, so the youthful republic raised into fame two brilliantly able men whose reputations spread beyond the seas - Alexander Hamilton and Thomas Jefferson. They represented two powerful though different tendencies in American life, Hamilton the tendency toward closer union and a stronger national government, Jefferson the tendency toward a broader, freer democracy.

Hamilton had been born in Nevis, a little island of the Lesser lies, to a Scottish father and a Huguenot mother. He grew up ambitious, generous, devoted, proud, quick to take offences and inexhaustible energy. His achievements all arose from his combination of brilliancy, self-confident ambition, and industry. His father had no money to scud him to college. But a terrible hurricane-swept the Antilles, and he wrote a description of it which attract; so roach attention that his aunts sent him to the American mail land. He entered King's College in New York, and threw himself into contact with the radicals of the town who were leading the n volt against royal authority. When at twenty-two he became

captain of an artillery company, he took his books to camp and studied far into the night.

Besides brilliancy and ambition, Hamilton had other quality which served him well. He possessed great personal attractiveness With reddish-brown hair, bright brown eyes, fine forehead, and firm mouth and chin, he was very handsome, his face animated an pleasant when he talked, severe and thoughtful when he was , work. He liked a lively dinner party and shone in any circle which offered intellectual companions, and witty talk. As leader of New York patriots, he was brought to Washington's notice an made him the general's principal aide, it enabled him to lead dramatic assault at the siege of Yorktown, it rendered him the principal figure in Washington's administration, and it gave him command of a great party. He had remarkable talents as an executive and organizer. He wrote and spoke much. Yet he also showed striking defects. He was quick-tempered. He Quarreled with Washington near the end of the war and rejected the advances the Washington made to heal the breach. His arrogance of spin brought him into unnecessarily conflicts - with Jefferson, with the Washington administration, and with Aaron Burr, ending in his own death in a duel.

Vocabulary

Antilles - Антильские острова possess - владеть

attractiveness - привлекательность animate - оживлять

sever - суровый thoughtful - задумчивый

executive - исполнительный arrogance - высокомерие


hot-tempered - вспыльчивый, горячий

attract the attention — привлечь внимание


Travaling


The uniqueness of the British as a people has long been taken granted by foreign observers and native commentators alike. Visitors from overseas,; fromVenetian ambassadors in the late fifteenth century, through intellectuals like Voltaire, to American journalists of the twentieth century, have all been convinced of the special quality of British society. This has been equally asumed by modern native chroniclers of the British scene. But the nature or essence of the Britishness of the British is far easier to proclaim than to explain. Some English characteristics upon which both na­tives and visitors have tended to agree have to do with national psychology: egoism, self-confidence, intolerance of outsiders, deep suspieiousness towards their compatriots, ostentatious wealth, in­dependence, social mobility, love of comfort and a strong belief in private property. Moderation, the avoidance of extremes, the choice of a middle way, are among the essential qualities of Englishness. The two features of English life which from the 15th century onwards struck almost every observer were the country's wealth and its strong sense of individualism.

The features that have shaped the British distinctiveness were determined by the country's geographical isolation from the Euro­pean continent, with the consistent centrality of sea power and a broad social fluidity in which the early collapse of feudalism helped generate a new industry and commercial enterprise. The long centuries during which the land was free from invaders meant that there could be a flowing culture continuity from the time of Chaucer onwards impossible on the war-torn Continent. A political and legal evolution is expressed in the English Parliament which has survived in recognisable form till today, without those inter­ruptions and periods of absolute monarchy that have marked the history of its neighbours, and the rule of law. There have been other significant features in the development of England which mark it as a country to some degree separate from Europe. One of the

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