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4 Как правило, понятие благосостояние ограничивают только экономической составляющей. Мы же используем этот термин как совокупный, то есть включающий человеческое развитие и социальное развитие, а когда речь идет лишь об экономических факторах, то будем говорить об «экономическом благосостоянии».
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46 Общий уровень грамотности в данных исследованиях подразумевал выявление и оценку способностей взрослых (от 16 до 65 лет) использовать информацию, поступающую в напечатанном или написанном виде. Проверялись возможности: прочесть и понять связный текст; воспринимать доклады, документы, и другие виды «несвязных» текстов; оперировать числовой информацией, например, таблицами и графиками. Грамотность оценивалась не как дихотомия «грамотный-неграмотный», а как набор измеряемых навыков.
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59 Alexis de Tocqueville (1835) писал: «Американцы противостоят индивидуализму с помощью правильно понимаемого принципиального интереса», который заключается в том, что «они самодовольно показывают, как основная забота о самих себе постоянно подталкивает их к помощи друг другу и вынуждает их добровольно жертвовать часть своего времени и собственности во имя благополучия Штатов».
60 Durkheim, E. (1893), The Division of Labor in Society, The Free Press, New York, 1984. Durkheim рассматривал общество как состоящее из «органов» (социальных фактов), или социальных структур, которые выполняют ряд функций для общества.
61 Weber сосредоточился на индивидуумах и моделях и правилах поведения. Его интересовали действия, которые включали мыслительные процессы (и заканчивались бессмысленным результатом) между возникновением стимула и реакцией на него.
62 Hanifan, L. (1916), “The Rural School Community Center”, Annals of the American Academy of Political and Social Science, No. 67.
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